How to use the knowledge the effective business communication Effect Essay

Step by step instructions to utilize the information the viable business correspondence Effect the future injobs and universities - Essay Example Messages that are conveyed in an association should be composed and sent in a way which could without much of a stretch be perused and comprehended by the correct blend of crowds that work inside an association. This implies the language utilized ought to be coherent and simple to decipher. (Jackson, 2007) Any association would beyond a reasonable doubt need to have representatives who could make out from a wide range of Internet dialects, which likewise uncovers the thought of comprehension and appreciating the ‘net lingo’ †the blend of casual Internet language and the normal, day by day use terms like ‘hey’, ‘u’, ‘f9’, etc. Various influences go over inside business correspondence fundamentals. One depends on the direct powerful capacities while others are progressively calm and aloof in nature. So also, messages may run from a conventional nature to one of a casual one. Quest for new employment systems inside an association may become critical when there is a need to enlist new workers. For this procedure, introductory letters and continues are checked upon with the goal that hopeful applicants could be called upon and allowed to communicate their qualities in the meeting meetings. A fruitful correspondence framework is accomplished via preparing and help for the representatives inside their workplaces and work places. Be an organization in Calcutta, Brisbane or Hong Kong, it is important for the organization proprietors to comprehend the requirement for a strong stage for all individuals inside it, the ones collaborating with it and all the rest to talk openly and express the thoughts and offer the musings which are so extremely vital for the improvement of ties among various branch outlets of an organization and more than that, the individuals inside them. There is a requirement for a code-breaker inside the business, which comprehends what the other individual is stating and what he/she is attempting to go through his/her decisions, all the more so

James C. Curtis, Andrew Jackson and the Search for Vindication Essay

James C. Curtis, Andrew Jackson and the Search for Vindication - Essay Example All through the beginning of the book, Curtis broadly relates Andrew’s early experiences with his imminent inspirations both in political and individual contemplations. Andrew Jackson by and by took an interest in significant national and worldwide occasions inside the period somewhere in the range of, 1767 and 1845. For one, it is inside this period that Andrew Jackson was the seventh leader of the U.S. serving somewhere in the range of 1829 and 1837. During this period, he stayed a polarizing figure and controlled the Second Party System. As a president, he wrecked the national bank and repositioned most Indian clans toward the west of waterway Mississippi. Prior to this, Jackson had filled in as a lawmaker and a military general who had the option to overcome the Indians during the 1814 clash of Horseshoe Bend. So also, Andrew crushed the British powers during the 1815 clash of New Orleans. It is during this period that Jackson turned into a rich slaveholder and engaged the United States’ everyday citizens. He is likewise known for politically battling against what he alluded to as shut and undemocratic nobility, thus, the period of Jacksonian majority rules system. Another occasion that denotes this period in Jackson’s life is the Nullification emergency. This emergency was described by the tax issue that clearly settled one of the most significant components of Jackson’s term as a president. ... Andrew Jackson was phenomenally effective in national legislative issues as he assumed a significant job in it. For example, the Americans saw Jackson as the epitome of achievement as he was a man who could conquer indivisible restriction through assurance. Thus, he was alluded to as the Man of Iron Will .One of his amazing qualities as president was his notable firmness of direction. Andrew Jackson has stayed exceptional, as he had the option to close the second Bank of the United States. He did this so as to stay away from the devastation that would occur for the bank because of defilement. Another perceptible achievement of Jackson was his well known duel with Charles Dickson, as proposed by O'Brien (89). In the duel, he had the option to utilize his intelligence and finished the life of Dickson. Henceforth, his conduct in the duel gave a case of creature fortitude and exhibited his capacity to overcome fights. Jackson additionally asserted in privileges of the states. He affirmed that there were firm cutoff points in the constitution in most definitely. Therefore, he upheld the province of Georgia in its jurisdictional conflict with the central government concerning the Cherokees. Besides, Jackson strived to propel the regular individual enthusiasm against his similarly degenerate rivals. Andrew Jackson likewise had blunt promise to specific rules that drove him to molding his gathering. He was likewise deliberately and really committed to working individuals whether in horticulture or industry and to the America’s democratization. Accordingly, he demanded to restricted open economy and government separated from where the President’s power was required to protect the enthusiasm of the

Jeff Sachs on ABC COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Jeff Sachs on ABC COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog SIPA professor Jeff Sachs recently appeared on a segment of ABC news to discuss investment in alternative forms of energy.   Professor Sachs is a Special Advisor to United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and from 2002 to 2006 was the Director of the UN Millennium Project and Special Advisor to United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan on the Millennium Development Goals, the internationally agreed goals to reduce extreme poverty, disease, and hunger by the year 2015. To read the article and view the accompanying video, please click here.

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Mccarthyism The Cold War - 1110 Words

During the Cold War, the United States was deeply enthralled in fears of a Communist takeover. The Cold War, a nuclear war between the Soviet Union and the United States, lasted from 1945 to 1990. As the Cold War progressed spies and individuals of the communist party were uncovered and put on trial. Joseph McCarthy, a Wisconsin senator, took advantage of the United States fear of communists by making up false evidence and accusations against innocent people. Americans feared that there were roots of Communism throughout communities in the United States, and more specifically, in the government. In February of 1950, McCarthy made a radical statement announcing he possessed a list of 205 government officials that were involved in the communist party. This sparked the beginning of the McCarthy era. Because this list was made up, McCarthy had to keep his lie going to maintain spotlight attention from the media and its millions of viewers. His false accusations led to tension and out break among numerous communities in the United States. McCarthy generated the Red Scare and the Hollywood Blacklist, these two events ruined thousands of innocent peoples lives. Joseph McCarthy was driven by the need for power and, briefly, accomplished his goal through the use of fear and accusatory tactics. Following World War II, Americans were confronted with another enemy in the form of communism. The Soviet Union has a communist society, where all property was publicly owned and eachShow MoreRelatedMccarthyism : The Cold War1277 Words   |  6 PagesMcCarthys idea called McCarthyism. All because of these people who disagreed they had to act fast to keep the U.S and its people safe. When Franklin Roosevelt died in April of 1945 the U.S was at a very non stable point in time. The U.S was still at War and one of our most important allies which was the Soviet Union was beginning to break off after WWII from the u.s. due to the Soviets wanted to keep Eastern Europe. This sent us into a great conflict known as the cold war with the Soviets becauseRead MoreMccarthyism During The Cold War1925 Words   |  8 Pagesthis answer lies in the apocalyptic imagination present in the films or the politics of the time, McCarthyism would influence American culture far beyond the 50s, depends on the historian who is asked. The answer, then, must lie in another direction entirely from these two mainstream answers and must instead lie in the fears and hopes of the American people, and the film industry, during the Cold War. This answer, then, provokes the question, what were the fears and hopes of the American people duringRead MoreThe Cold War and Its Effect on The History of America Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pages The Cold War was the ideological conflict between the two superpowers of the world, the democratic United States of America and the communist Soviet Union. For over fifty years the two superpowers fought each other indirectly for power and control of the world. The Cold War started after the end of the Second World War in 1945 when the eyes of both superpowers were no longer looking at Nazi Germany, but instead at each other and the fate of the rest of the world. The Cold War began after the SecondRead MoreTelevision Role in Preserving American Values During the Cold War1715 Words   |  7 Pages- Television Role In Preserving American Values During The Cold War After World War II, technology was advancing and converting from military orientation to more consumer based companies. One of the new technology devices that were introduced to American consumers was television. American television in the 1940’s and 1950’s became a link marvel between Americans, podcasting news, shows, and movies. American television during the 1940’s and the 1950’s played a major ruleRead MoreMcCarthyism and Documents of History1422 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the times of McCarthyism the House Committee on Un-American Activities employed barbaric and â€Å"Un-American† techniques that would characterize the American law system as an extinguisher of American civil liberties; during this exploration we will be examining a brief history of McCarthyism and a few documents from this time period. Initially, we will be traversing the history from pre-McCarthyism on into the times of McCarthyism. Following, we will be evaluati ng three documents from the timesRead MoreEssay on Joseph McCarthy and the Red Scare1134 Words   |  5 Pagesin the 1950s-everyone was afraid of the â€Å"reds†, or communists. The cold war had a large affect on this, because it is when America became afraid of communists or Russians. McCarthyism affected everyone in America Most citizens were afraid of the reds, some were former or current reds, some were accused and persecuted for being an assumed red. It’s clear that McCarthyism played a big role in the development of America. McCarthyism became a household term, not only associated with the red scare. ItRead MoreAmerican Anticommunism During the Cold War Essay926 Words   |  4 Pages Subsequent to the conclusion of the treacherous Second World War, America prepared itself for a period of peace. This peacetime was short-lived, as America’s tolerance for communism receded this issue became the forefront for American concern. The United States of America, also referred to as the USA or US, regarded communism as a strategic threat due to its hostility to private property and free markets, policies that many Americans associate directly to political Read MoreThe Campaign Of Joseph Mccarthy1373 Words   |  6 Pagesin Wheeling, West Virginia, McCarthy proclaimed that he was aware of two hundred five card carrying members of the communist party who worked for the United States Department of State (â€Å"McCarthyism†). On February 20, 1950, McCarthy addressed the Senate and made a list of claims and cited eight one cases (â€Å"McCarthyism†). The Senate then called for a full investigation. McCarthy took advantage of the citizens’ fear of communism, conveying how he deceived the nation to reach the superiority he wishedRead MoreThe Red Scare and McCarthyism Essays1295 Words   |  6 PagesThe Red Scare and McCarthyism had begun Paranoia, disloyalty, people losing jobs. The Red Scare and McCarthyism both made everything else worse. Communism is a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in whi ch all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. At the end of the month when they get their paychecks they both end up with the same amount of money it is not fair, right? but that is moreRead MoreMccarthyism : Salem Witch Trials1246 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Salem witch trials in Salem, Massachusetts and McCarthyism all across America many of the traits were historically similar and based on little or no evidence. When looking back on witchcraft in the 1600s and McCarthyism in the 1940s and 50s life at the time had many influences and many things parallel; both were caused by fear and paranoia and resulted in destruction. The witch trials in Salem and the hearings all across America about McCarthyism were influenced by daily activities and daily life

Natural Law and Human Rights Free Essays

string(65) " the justification of existing authority as a revolt against it\." Introduction Human rights have roots deep in the mists of time yet the term itself dates back barely sixty years to the international discussions preceding the founding of the United Nations. Since 1945, the scope of human rights has been elaborated and the concept now permeates the fabric of international society. Although human rights issues continue to be debated and contested, the longer history of human rights is often unexamined and even forgotten. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Law and Human Rights or any similar topic only for you Order Now Human rights, rather than being a 20th century phenomenon, marks both a culmination of and a transition from the Western natural law and natural rights traditions. Human rights are rights possessed by people simply as, and because they are human beings. The term has only come into common currency during the 20th century. Rights are not the same thing as standards of behaviour punishable or required by rules, which can be fundamentally unfair to individuals, or used to oppress minority interests. Human rights are rights and freedomsto which all humans are entitled. Proponents of the concept usually assert that everyone is endowed with certain entitlements merely by reason of being human. Human rights are thus conceived in a universalist and egalitarian fashion. However, there is no consensus as to the precise nature of what in particular should or should not be regarded as a human right in any of the preceding senses, and the abstract concept of human rights has been a subject of intense philosophical debate and criticism. Natural law has objective, external existence. It follows from the ESS (evolutionary stable strategy) for the use of force that is natural for humans and similar animals. The ability to make moral judgments, the capacity to know good and evil, has immediate evolutionary benefits. It evolved in the same way, for the same straightforward and uncomplicated reasons, as our ability to throw rocks accurately. Donald looks at the meaning of natural law from four perspectives. The medieval/legal definition: Natural law cannot be defined in the way that positive law is defined, and to attempt to do so plays into the hands of the enemies of freedom. Natural law is best defined by pointing at particular examples, as a biologist defines a species by pointing at a particular animal, a type specimen preserved in formalin. The historical state of nature definition: Natural law is that law which corresponds to a spontaneous order in the absence of a state and which is enforced, in the absence of better methods, by individual unorganised violence, in particular the law that historically existed, in so far as any law existed, during the dark ages among the mingled barbarians that overran the Roman Empire. The medieval / philosophical definition: Natural law is that law, which it is proper to uphold by unorganised individual violence, whether a state is present or absent, and for which, in the absence of orderly society, it is proper to punish violators by unorganized individual violence. The scientific/ socio-biological/ game theoretic/ evolutionary definition: Natural law is, or follows from, an ESS for the use of force: Conduct which violates natural law is conduct such that, if a man were to use individual unorganised violence to prevent such conduct, or, in the absence of orderly society, use individual unorganised violence to punish such conduct, then such violence would not indicate that the person using such violence, is a danger to a reasonable man. The concept of natural rights arises from the belief that there is an instinctive human ability to distinguish right from wrong. Hugo Grotius believed that people have a ‘right reason’ for doing things. Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Immanuel Kant were supporters of natural rights theories, suggesting that we have basic fundamental rights because we are born human. Natural law thinkers see rights as universal and inalienable. Natural rights theories have been the inspiration behind ideas and democratic struggles, forcing politics to protect the rights of citizens. Natural rights theories imply that all human beings are equal and should be treated equally. The demand for equality before the law in individual states is synonymous with the development of international human rights law.It is therefore correct assertion to point out to the fact that human rights have evolved from natural rights as depicted by natural law theories. This paper will trace the changes and continuities of debates and claims about rights throughout the late medieval and early modern periods in order to explore how rights are historically asserted, justified, and defended. It will also delve into the transformation of rights, from natural to human. Human Rights and the Legal Theories The origins of international human rights lie in philosophical discussions evolved through the centuries. The theories of both Locke and Rousseau suffer from their failure to explain how the supreme right of the majority can go together with the inalienable rights of the individual. (Read the fact that legal theories fail to come down on the side of either democratic or autocratic principles of the government.) Historically, the assertion of natural rights has often been linked with a revolt against state, authority and a humanitarian belief in the equality and dignity of all men. This is true of the legal philosophy of Stoics or of Kant. (The idea of equality of men often causes democrats to be internationalists.) The history of natural law is a tale of the search of mankind for absolute justice and of its failure. Again and again, in its course of the last 2500 years, the idea of natural law has appeared, in some form of the other, as an expression of the search for an ideal higher than positive law after having been rejected and derided in the interval. With changing social and political conditions the notions about natural law have changed. The only thing that has remained constant is the appeal to something higher than positive law. The object of that appeal has been as often the justification of existing authority as a revolt against it. You read "Natural Law and Human Rights" in category "Essay examples" Natural law has fulfilled many functions. It has been the principle instrument in the transformation of the old civil law of the Romans into a broad and cosmopolitan system; it has been a weapon used by both sides in the fight between the medieval church and the German emperors; in its name the validity of international law has been asserted, and the appeal for freedom of the individual against absolutism launched. Again it was by appeal to principles of natural law that American judges, professing to interpret the constitution, resisted the attempt of state legislation to modify and restrict the unfettered economic freedom of the individual. Natural law has, at different times, been used to support almost any ideology; but the most important and lasting theories of natural law have undoubtedly been inspired by the two ideas, of a universal order governing all men, and the inalienable rights of the individual. Greeks Greeks were more interested in the philosophical foundations of law rather than its technical development. Though there were bodies of fundamental laws in the classical period, little attention was paid to the idea of universal law. Plato laid the foundations for much of subsequent speculation on natural law though he had nothing to say as such on natural law. His republic was based on substitution for law of the philosopher-king which partook of the divine wisdom but remained uncommunicable to lesser mortals. Aristotle was also not interested in natural law. Natural law as a universal system in Greek World came into the fore with the decline of the city state and the rise of large empires and kingdoms. For this stoic philosophers were responsible. They stressed the ideas of individual worth, moral duty and universal brotherhood Stoicism passed over and influenced over to and influenced Roman thought especially Cicero who defined natural (true) law as â€Å"right reason in agreement with nature†. Medieval Period The existence of a body of basic rights can be traced back to the early thirteenth century in Europe and has featured predominantly in different schools of thought since then. Its origins basically lie in the philosophical discourse with concepts such as liberty and even â€Å"rights†. This was a period when theology of the Catholic Church set the tone and pattern of all speculative thought. The theology was bedevilled by the notion that law and human domination were rooted in sin until Aquinas in the 13thCentury. Aquinas admits that human law, which derives its validity from natural law changes with human circumstances and human reason. Human rights are linked to the rule of law, a concept that imposes inherent limitations on the exercise of absolute power by a sovereign. The rule of law in turn links to the theories of natural law and to an extent religious doctrines. The right to expect rulers to be fair and reasonable, with limited authority in respect to the private lives and of their subjects, translating to the rule of law was first enshrined in paper in England in what is referred to as the Magna Carta of 1215. It enshrined a number of principles which now fall within the broad ambit of human rights, including the principle of equality before the law, a right to property and an element of religious freedom, albeit such rights extended only to nobles. The Declaration of Arbroath in Scotland in 132o, unlike the Magna Carta spoke of the profound right to liberty, rating it above glory, honour, and riches. Renaissance, Reformation and Counter-Reformation The renaissance led to an emphasis on the individual and free will and human liberty and a rejection of the universal collective society of medieval Europe in favour of independent national states, and, where the reformation followed, separate national churches. The 16th century also saw the revival of Thomism, a revival of crucial importance for the development of modern natural law theory of the state led by Victoria and Suarez. They took their way of thinking from Aquinas; it was not possible to neglect the law of nature since all men from beginning of creation have been subject to it. The social contract ideologies associated with Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau are also traced to the 16th century. Secularisation of Natural Law The secularisation of natural law is usually held to begin with Grotius. He inaugurated a new era in natural law thinking by his assertion that natural law would subsist even if God did not exist.His main concern was to establish a system of international law to regulate the affairs and warfare of the rising nation states. Natural Law and Social Contract In Hobbes, the social contract is used in defence of absolutism while in Locke in support of limited constitutionalism. Natural law does not loom large in Hobbe’s thinking, except for the fact that he expressed the main precept of natural law in terms of man’s right to self preservation. To Locke the state of nature that preceded the social contact was not, as conceived by Hobbes, one of brutal horror, but rather a golden age, an Eden before the fall. Rousseau’s political theory has weak links to natural law. The general will has come almost to replace the higher law standard that natural law has typically represented. The emergence of human rights as part of modern domestic law therefore dates back at least to John Locke’s Two Treatises on Civil Government. In 1690, Locke argued that governments were bound in a covenant with the governed to protect an individual’s natural rights to life, liberty, and property. The 1688 Bill of Rights of England and Wales In 1688, the Bill of Rights of England and Wales mentioned minimal rights though with little substance. Whatever the case, these early documents connect as to the evolution of human rights. They show that the thinking of the masses then was directed towards human rights as much as ours is today. The 18th 19th Centuries: Revolutions and Rights Though Vico, Herder and Montesquieu, refuted the idea of a universal natural law common to all mankind due to increase in secularism and rationalism, it is during these two centuries that many philosophers and thinkers focussed on the idea of natural rights, rights which should be enjoyed by all humans. A corpus of basic rights to be afforded to all mankind was an obvious result of such thinking. That corpus found legal expression at the close of the 18th Century. The United States and France adopted statements on rights when proclaiming the independence of the former British North American colonies and when establishing the first French Republic following the 1789 revolution. The United States Declaration of Independence and Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments which were ratified on December 1791, were a big leap into realisation of human rights. The American Bill of Rights refers to freedom of religion, due process and fair trial,and freedom of person and property. The French Declaration was inspired by the United States Declaration of Independence, though predates the Bill of Rights. It begins by stating that me nare born free and are equal in rights. Liberty is defined as being able to do anything that does not harm others. It also touches on rule of law issues such as a fair trial process.Others to be expounded are right to free communication and taxation issues. The rights enumerated by the American Bill of Rights and the French Declaration have modern equivalents in human rights instruments. This was another major step in conversion of human rights from theories and thoughts into real legal instruments that could be enforced and followed. It is arguable that 18th century developments as pertains development of human rights were better those of the 19thcentury where the influential theory of positivism meant that only states had rights in the international arena because of their legal status as subjects of international law rather than individuals whowere viewed as objects of international law. Challenges of Universality of Human Rights How can different countries and cultures have the same problems and valuesThis is the main contention to opponents of universality of human rights. The objections to natural law as a basis for rights are long-standing. It is not difficult, of course, to demonstrate that all human beings share certain characteristics. But finding those that constitute the â€Å"essence† of being human and are of sufficient import to serve as a rationale for rights is a bit harder. Universality is one of the key essentials of human rights. All human beings are holders of human rights, independent from what they do, where they come from, where they live and from their inter alia, national citizenship, and their community. The universality of human rights is embedded in and also influenced by the other characteristics of human rights: human rights are categorical, egalitarian, individual, fundamental and indivisible. Kirchschlaeger,asserts that human rights struggle with particular interests. States claim the priority of their sovereignty over the universality of human rights and the private sector claims self-regulating approaches and uses this to define its sphere ofinfluence within certain limits. This challenge is part of the political and legal dimension of human rights and as a consequence of the moral dimension of human rights as well. In this regard, one can recognize a positive tendency of acceptance of human rights by states, a growth of an international institutionalization for the protection of human rights and a progress of the mechanisms for monitoring human rights performances by states to respect the universality of human rights and some small steps by the corporate world. At the same time, it has to be stated that the implementation of human rights is not yet there where it should be, and that the vast majority of human beings are still victims of violations of their human rights . The universality is still a claim, not reality. Human rights are challenged by cultural diversity as well. This challenge is taking place in the moral dimension of human rights. Although the UN Conference in Vienna 1993 reconfirmed the validity of the universality of human rights, the universality faced critics from different quarters because of its alleged western origin. Countries like China, Venezuela and those in the Arab world human rights as too westernized. Currently, an ongoing case against some Kenyan politicians at the International Criminal Court has added to the rant. In seeking a referral of the case by the Security Council, Kenya has the Support of China, Russia and the African countries but the US, UK and France who wield veto powers do not support the bid. This has been seen as a western effort to intrude into Kenyan sovereignty using human rights as a disguise. Religions, cultures, traditions, world views and beliefs benefit indirectly from the human right to freedom of religions and belief. This right enables and enhances the authentic practice of an individual and so the peaceful coexistence of religions, cultures, traditions and world views and the dialogue between them. It is an achievement of humanity to protect this variety. A show of universality of human rights was when the UN Security Council, announced a no flying zone in Libya and with the support of the Arab League, France, US and the UK moved to avert deaths of Libyan civilians by bombing strategic points to immobilize Gaddafi troops. Nickel, observes that the achievements of the human rights movement in have shown both that the optimistic beliefs of proponents of universality were not entirely without foundation and how difficult it is to create genuine international agreement about how governments should behave. Globalization promotes joint ventures between people from different and sharing of ideas or views, thus promoting the development of shared standards. Toespraak views the criticism of universality with skeptism. He argues that although sometimes the concerns are sincere, sometimes they are simply being abused to hide domestic shortcomings or they serve opportunistic political agendas. Recent initiatives at the UN, both in the General Assembly and in the Human Rights Council, such as the Russian initiative to promote the concept of traditional values, the Cuban initiative on cultural diversity, and the Pakistani proposals on interreligious dialogue, are slow but inhis view sure attempts to weaken the fundaments of universal rights. Some states have argued for a classification based on differences in culture, religion and development In the Universal Periodic Review process. This is all reason for growing concern according to him Period after World War II and Development of International Law World War II gave impetus to the modern development of basic principles of human rights and to the general acceptance of the idea that the human rights practices of individual countries toward their own citizens are legitimate matters of international concern. The 1945 United Nations Charter included a general commitment to respect for human rights, but it was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 that provided the basic statement of what have become widely accepted international human rights standards.[2] After World War II, the term human rights came into wide use replacing the earlier phrase â€Å"natural rights,† which had been associated with the Greco-Roman concept of natural law since the end of the Middle Ages. As understood today, human rights refer to a wide variety of values and capabilities reflecting the diversity of human circumstances and history. They are conceived of as universal, applying to all human beings everywhere, and as fundamental, referring to essential or basic human needs. Modern international conceptions of human rights can be traced to the aftermath of World War II and the foundation of the United Nations. [1]The rights espoused in the UN charter would be codified in the International Bill of Human Rights, composing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights The Universal Declaration was bifurcated into treaties, a Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and another on social, economic, and cultural rights, due to questions about the relevance and propriety of economic and social provisions in covenants on human rights. The covenants provide for the right to self-determination and to sovereignty over natural resources. The drafters of the Covenants initially intended only one instrument. The original drafts included only political and civil rights, but economic and social rights were also proposed. The disagreement over which rights were basic human rights resulted in there being two covenants. The debate was whether economic and social rights are aspirational, as contrasted with basic human rights which all people possess purely by being human, because economic and social rights depend on wealth and the availability of resources. In addition, which social and economic rights should be recognised depends on ideology or economic theories, in contrast to basic human rights, which are defined purely by the nature (mental and physical abilities) of human beings. It was debated whether economic rights were appropriate subjects for binding obligations and whether the lack of consensus over such rights would dilute the strength of political-civil rights. There was wide agreement and clear recognition that the means required to enforce or induce compliance with socio-economic undertakings were different from the means required for civil-political rights. From what I have discussed above, we can say that human rights have been classified historically in terms of the notion of three â€Å"generations† of human rights. The first generation of civil and political rights, associated with the Enlightenment and the English, American, and French revolutions, includes the rights to life and liberty and the rights to freedom of speech and worship. The second generation of economic, social, and cultural rights, associated with revolts against the predations of unregulated capitalism from the mid-19th century, includes the right to work and the right to an education. Finally, the third generation of solidarity rights, associated with the political and economic aspirations of developing and newly decolonized countries after World War II, includes the collective rights to political self-determination and economic development. Since then numerous other treaties have been offered at the international level. They are generally known as human rights instruments. Some of the most significant are: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women United Nations Convention Against Torture Convention on the Rights of the Child International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families There are also regional human rights instruments such as the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights. Human rights principles, policy, and practices became an increased focus of popular and public attention during the last quarter of the twentieth century. Several influential nongovernmental organizations were formed during this period to monitor and report on human rights matters. In the late 20th century ad hoc international criminal tribunals were convened to prosecute serious human rights violations and other crimes in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The International Criminal Court, which came into existence in 2002, is empowered to prosecute crimes against humanity, crimes of genocide, and war crimes.[1] Conclusion From the foregoing, it can be concluded that, Human laws are subordinate to natural law; some need more guidance to achieve a virtuous life than others; these people can only be compelled to behave well through human law; reason can be good, but it may be used to exploit base desires and cruelty – linking human law to natural law and natural law is used as a set of general first principles under which human law is made using reason. Using natural reason leads to creation of good human law to deal with the needs of practical situations not expressly covered by natural law. Human rights have come a long way to not only receive recognition by individual states, but also at the international arena .Universal validity of human rights norms under the current state of international law, does not permit a denial of the universal character of the human rights laws. When implementing human rights, within the context of the principle of universality, there is room for interpretation. The international community should define the scope or variations. Supervision of the implementation of human rights should be conducted by impartial, independent international bodies and not by individual states, as each state has its own particular views on fundamental rights and freedoms which are shaped by different historical developments. Another major development in the field of human rights is the general acceptance of the principle that human rights are no longer an exclusive domestic affair of states but a legitimate concern of the international community. This principle also reinforces the principle of universality. It is incorporated in the Declaration of the Vienna Conference which was adopted by consensus. With the 21st century bringing in more in the spheres of technological developments and unified world, we can only wait and see to what level human rights can be pushed. As Haule puts it, although human rights have their origin from natural law, it took a system of positive law to provide a definite and systematic statement of the actual rights which people possessed. Bibliography Rhona K.M. Smith, Textbook on International Human Rights, 2004, Oxford University Press, 2nd Ed. W.Friedman, Legal Theory, 2008,Universal Law Publishing Co. 5th Ed. Freeman, Introduction to Jurisprudence, (2008) Sweet Maxwell, 8th Ed. Finer, V Bogdanor and B Rudden, Comparing Constitutions, (1995). Hegarty Leonard, Human Rights, An Agenda for the 21st Century, (1999) Cavendish Publishing. History of Universal Human Rights – Up to WW2 Article by Moira Rayner, appearing on http://www.universalrights.net/main/history.htm, accessed on 4th March, 2011. Human Rights, Wikipedia, Accessed 4 th March 2011, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right. Natural Law and Natural Rights, paper byJames A Donald, sourced from [email protected], accessed on 4 th March 2011. Australian Human Rights Commission, Human Rights Theories, Fact Sheet 3, 2009, accessed on 4th March 2010. Mark W Janis, sourced from http://law.jrank.org/pages/18657/Human-Rights-International-Law.html, accessed on 22nd March 2011. The Origin of Human Rights and the Challenge of Universality, excerpted from the book, Tainted Legacy 9/11 and the Ruin of Human Rights by William Schulz Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2003, paper. Sourced from http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Human_Rights/Origin_Human%20Rights_TL.html, accessed on 21st March 2011. Peter Kirchschlaeger, Universality of Human Rights. James Nickel, Human Rights and Globalisation, sourced from http://ivr-enc.info/index.php?title=Human_Rights_and_Globalization#Challenges_to_Universality, accessed on 21st March 2011. Toespraak, On the Universality of Human Rights in a Changing World, sourced from http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten-en-publicaties/toespraken/2010/05/03/on-the-universality-of-human-rights-in-a-changing-world.html, accessed on 21st March 2011. Romuald R Haule, Some Reflections on the Foundations of Human Rights, Max Planck UNYN, 10 (2006). How to cite Natural Law and Human Rights, Essay examples

Loss of Innocence in Walkers The Flowers Essays - Pink

Each person enters this world void and free from of worldly sins. Knowledge, which can occur over a span of time or in the blink of an eye, steals this innocence. Alice Walker?s ?The Flowers? takes the reader on such a journey where a startling realization of the ways of the world steals the main character?s purity. The short story follows a young girl as she innocently explores the woods picking wild flowers. After she ventures further from her usual spot, she makes a shocking discovery of a dead man?s body along with the remains of a noose. The central point of ?The Flowers? is the loss of innocence that Walker effectively conveys using characterization, imagery, and symbolism. Walker expresses the predominant sense of lost virtue in ?The Flowers? with her vivid descriptions of the main character. In fact, the name Myop, which is short for the word myopia, signifies nearsightedness and lack of foresight. Therefore, the name itself personifies the essence of her character. In addition, the narrator?s words to describe Myop as she ?skipped lightly from hen house to pigpen to smokehouse? (Walker 82) convey the feeling of playfulness and cheerfulness. This adds to the reader?s interpretation of the main character?s presence and allows them to connect with her. Additionally, the narrator describes Myop, as ?ten, and nothing existed for her but her song?and the tat-de-ta-ta-ta of accompaniment? (82). Not only does her young age substantiate the pureness of her nature but also her naivety. Furthermore, Walker?s use of an onomatopoeic word sets the tone of childishness and immaturity. In addition to characterization, ?The Flowers? denotes the coming of age motif through Walker?s usage of imagery. As Myop decides to return to the ?peacefulness? of her house, ?It was then she stepped smack into his eyes? (Walker 82). The author?s use of the onomatopoeic word ?smack? paints a mental picture of her foot fixed in the man?s eyes, which is fitting since her eyes are now open to the brutalities of the world. In addition, the narrator describes the dead man?s clothes, as ?rotted away except some threads of blue denim from his overalls? (83), which gives the impression that the body had been there for a while. In the same manner, the narrator tells of the ?rotted remains of a noose? (83) and around a tree branch, another piece ?Frayed, rotted, bleached, and frazzled ? barely there ? but spinning restlessly in the breeze? (83). Walker?s repetitive use of the word ?rotted? drives home the imagery of maturity and the end of innocence. Symbolism is another way Walker illuminates the central loss of innocence premise of the story. As an illustration, Myop looks attentively at the area and notices ?Very near where she?d stepped into the head was a wild pink rose? (Walker 83). Notably, the pink rose represents innocent love, joy, and admiration. Ironically, Myop notices a noose ?around the rose?s root? (83) embodying the lynching of her innocence. The story concludes with, ?Myop laid down her flowers. And the summer was over? (83). The act of laying down the flowers signifies her grief over the death of her youth and virtue. In addition, summer, which is synonymous for relaxation and pleasure, has ended since she now grasps the harsh realities of the world. It is clear that this story portrays a child?s journey as she loses her purity, since the title of the story itself is symbolic of her virtue. The loss of innocence echoes throughout ?The Flowers? by Walker?s application of characterization, imagery, and symbolism. With the use of all these literary devices, Walker delivers a visible representation of the central point of the story. This idea is one that everyone has dealt with since childhood and has been a constant internal battle. As a person acquires understanding, he or she becomes impure due to negative perceptions within the knowledge discovered. This transformation transpires over a season or in an instant, without warning and malice.

Causes of Poverty in the UK Essay Example

Causes of Poverty in the UK Essay Example Causes of Poverty in the UK Analysis Essay Causes of Poverty in the UK Analysis Essay In the world economy, the United Kingdom is a developed country. However, income distribution in the country is poor with some people being extremely rich, while others living in extreme poverty. A part of citizens that has low incomes also has low living standards. However, the country has a strong social infrastructure, and, thus, the low-income earners live in relative poverty. This essay seeks to examine a view of poverty that the country has to embrace compared to its social structures and public policies. The research focuses on the main causes of poverty in the country as well as future interventions and policies to end poverty. It uses different books, articles, peer-reviewed journals, reports as well as statistics from different organizations to support the thesis. It is important to determine the main causes of poverty in the United Kingdom. It is because its form in the country differs from that of other developing countries. A comparison of the income of the population’s part related to the average income assists in bringing out an actual structure of poverty in the state. The research examines the lack of material needs for citizens to support and participate in a daily life. Such a report is important in order to determine the situation of people locally in terms of housing, incomes, health, crime, skills, employment as well as a general social structure. Researchers have carried out different studies in the country in an attempt to examine the main causes and impacts of this issue. With the support of a theory and research, the essay bases its arguments on the thesis statement. The view of poverty that the country embraces will have direct impacts on the public policies that it pursues. Poverty in the UK: Methodology The research uses the case study research design. It is by selecting the case of the United Kingdom, in general, and examining the situation as well as the theories surrounding poverty in the country. It operates the research procedures by applying both qualitative and quantitative methods of the research. Quantitative methods involve the use of statistical data. It uses different statistical methods and variables such as mean, median, variance, and standard deviation among others to examine different phenomena. In this case, the research uses data from the UK about poverty, per capita income, the standards of living, surveys of a lifestyle, employment, and the Gross Domestic Product among others. The methodologies also apply the qualitative information. It is the information, which cannot be quantified. It includes job satisfaction, people’s perceptions, and ideas. There are different benefits for the research methodology The first benefit is the fact that it uses data and information already available. The use of secondary data eliminates the complexities of the primary data collection such as the use of interviews, questionnaires, and other primary data collections. There are secondary sources in the country being important for poverty measurement, social exclusion, deprivation, and standards of living. The sources used also give a change to the country’s poverty situation with some time. It is clear by examining the historical information about the country’s extent and nature of social inclusion as well as poverty for a period of time. In this case, the period has been taken as for the last two decades. Thus, the sources assist in mapping the country’s situation in the future with several interventions and public policies. It is also possible to examine different causes of poverty over time with different policies in the past that generate various outcomes of poverty. Thus, the sources have great advantages as far as the topic is concerned. This research design also has some limitations. A major challenge is that it uses the already available information. Thus, the results of the research depend on some other researches original scholars, with underlying limitations of that primary data collection procedure. It implies that the research is prone to errors in th e sources. The research procedure involves reviewing the literature on poverty in the UK and choosing the most appropriate sources. Therefore, the research will apply about five research assistants to review journals, books, articles, and other secondary sources of information. In the research, a main challenge is that researchers as well as authorities are carrying out studies each day about poverty in the country. Consequently, newer researches might negate the inferences that the study makes. The authorities in the UK are also aware of the poverty situation. They may formulate major policies to significantly change this issue as the research continues. However, the study counters this by using the most recent sources with updates where necessary. It implies that the researcher and research assistants with the help of an academic advisor have changed the original sources during their study to accommodate the new information. The Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) as well as the Office of National Statistics (ONS) have carried out different surveys to determine the actual situation of poverty in the country as well as its causes. The organizations have also collaborated with other public as well as private non-governmental organizations in order to determine the purposes and social effects of poverty in the UK (Kirby 2000). Both organizations are the valid sources of statistics since they have enough funding to carry out unbiased and independent researches locally. The organizations have also conducted different studies in the past to determine the economic situation of citizens in the country for more than 50 years (Kirby 2000). The two main research organizations collaborate with other academic, social, and economic institutions to ensure the validity of information. These institutions include the University of Bristol, the Department of Social Policy, Herriot-Watt University, Social Work at Yo rk Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency, Queen’s University Belfast, Open University, The World Bank, and the European Union, etc. Thus, the data available in these sources are valid and have a great impact on the European context. The organizations have spent about 10 million pounds during two years to come up with these statistics (Walsh Moore 2000). Statistics show that there are about one in every six children in the UK living in poverty. It puts the percentage of kids living in households with the lower income than the average at about 17% of the total children’s population. In figures, there were about 2.3 million of such kids in the country in 2013. The number changes after households pay the housing costs. It is up to about 3.5 million (27% of the total children’s population) of kids in the country living at lower than average homes. This figure is higher compared to that in 2012 with 300,000 more. These figures are alarming provided that their families live in a relative poverty, with less than 60% of the median net income being less than 250 pounds a week. The figures show that there 100,000 children living in poor families that have been employed since 2012. The figures are not different from those of adults with approximately 5.6 million out of the total population living in relative poverty (Salvadori 200 6). It is before they pay their housing costs with the figures increasing to 7.9 million after housing payments. In 2012, about 2 million of pensioners in the country were living in absolute poverty. In percentage, about 15% of the working population lives in relative poverty with below 60% of the median disposable income. For pensioners, the figures are at about 16%. They have changed over time with a gradual reduction in poverty in the last one decade. Therefore, poverty continues to be a challenge in the UK (Salvadori 2006). The dynamics of poverty in the country show that the society there takes some time to change from one social class to another. Examining different studies gives only one perception of poverty locally with the conclusion that the term itself only refers to the poor and non-poor people. However, the dynamics in the country proves that citizens have different people experiencing various kinds and forms of poverty. With this understanding, the one is able to see people who experience poverty in the UK, coming out of it as well as those not experiencing poverty anymore. In the country, there is a population that has come out of poverty while some other percentage still lives in poverty going through some changes in their economic classes with time. The use of just one concept to examine poverty locally is misleading and gives the information basing on a concept of the poor (Gregg MacMillan 2012). The people locally have diverse poverty experiences with some dynamics assisting to determin e differences in these experiences. An understanding of dynamics also assists in not only helping those who live in poverty. It as well helps those who have come out of it from rejoining the low economic class (Gregg MacMillan 2012). There are different studies showing that the poverty dynamics research started in the country in the 1990s. It is with the realization that different development policies in the country have affected certain poverty aspects. The poverty levels for children in the country have increased to about 30% from 10% in the 1970s. Thus, important interventions would not only affect those ones currently living in poverty. However, they impact on those being a bit above the poverty line. A view on the literature defining poverty dynamics gives an understanding of poverty eradication, reduction as well as some effects of policies and interventions. Future interventions can also fill a gap that the research in poverty dynamics has left. Poverty dynamics show that the levels of this issue in the country vary with time. The government’s measurement of this problem at any point in time does not give any specific information of people that have experienced poverty. It only gives their numbers. For example, statistics over the last two years have showed that at least 15% of the population has experienced poverty (Smith Middleton 2007). However, about 24 percent of people experienced poverty at one time or some other during the period of two years. Thus, the understanding of definitive characteristics for poverty as a constant phenomenon does not give any correct social situation. The statistics in a six year period show that at least a third part of the population has at one time experienced poverty with the low income after paying for housing. It shows that more than a double part of the actual population today living in poverty has been in that situation in the last seven years. Consequently, poverty statistics should include poverty dynamics to determine the appropriate causes and interventions (Smith Middleton 2007). The measure of poverty in the country has always been through the use of the national median income. It is in order to determine the population that cannot afford the disposable income being 60% lower than the median one. The research shows that organizations in the country that give poverty do not consider the fact that most citizens who enter poverty in the country leave it in less than two years. Thus, the percentage of those people who constantly is being in poor conditions is actually less than in the statistics. Those who live in the continued poverty are actually less than the statistics give. With poverty not being a persistent phenomenon, its measurement should change. It is to accommodate the one-off transient experiences of this issue with a better understanding (Alcock 2006). These measures should ensure that they focus on the people who get in and out of poverty with some changes in a range of their income mobility (Alcock 2006). An increase and decrease of the income es pecially for low-income earners affects poverty levels even within a period of one year. The low income earners only get some income increments to get them out of poverty with uncertainty on future increases. Thus, the population that remains in poverty is recurrent with a very high probability of those people re-entering this issue. Only about 25% of the poorest ones rise in a financial situation with a replacement rate of about the tenth. Thus, the measures to determine the causes of poverty in the country should focus on all low-income earners in the UK. They should not just consider the bottom population but should be holistic in computation. Therefore, the measures should include people experiencing all forms of this issue. They are the people who have the transient poverty. Others experience the recurrent, persistent, and one-off poverty (Brown et al. 2010). Causes of Poverty Social Causes There are several causes of poverty in the UK. These are both the social and economic aspects. The UK is among the largest countries in the world’s economy. It is important to determine why a person in every six citizens lives in relative poverty. The UK government has a vision to ensure that every woman, man, and child in the country lives with a fair treatment with the respect for their dignity and life. It is regardless of their financial positions. In order to determine the main social causes of poverty locally, it is important to know that more than 13 million of the UK citizens do not have enough finance resources to live on. This part of the population does not have the power to air their views. They don’t obtain with the feelings about how it feels to be poor as well as the social injustice that they face during this issue (Brown Schafft 2011). The country has also had a poverty benefits’ program, which is inflexible and that needs a desperate update. Th e social welfare program has played a key role in ensuring that the poor in the country have an opportunity to go up the ladder in the social and economic development. The country has had one of the strongest social infrastructures in the world. It is with different programs to support human welfare programs such as healthcare and education for all (Brown Schafft 2011). The look at the culture of poverty shows that its levels have changed significantly since the 1960s. At this time, the levels of relative poverty were low at about ten percent. The levels then rose to nearly 30 percent in the 1990s. Poverty has remained a challenge for policymakers and since 1990. However, they have continued to play an important role in the poverty reduction with significant changes from the 1990s up to date. The issue halved in the last decade due to the efforts from legislators. The citizens have a certain culture as far as poverty causes are concerned (Darton Strelitz 2003). From a social perspective, there are about three general causes of poverty. These are the social infrastructure, society opportunities and barriers in a social development such as family characteristics and social beliefs (Darton Strelitz 2003). Discrimination in terms of ethnicity, race, religion, and other characteristics is common in the country. Citizens believe that poverty is for the poor people who cannot afford luxuries in their lives. They are the only ones whom it affects. The people’s attitudes and behaviour about poverty are also important in explaining why some people are living in such bad conditions. It is because citizens in the UK partially believe that the system has played a key role in influencing the poor conditions locally. The culture of dependency is whereby a certain part of the society depends on the working members. Such an example is employees in the United Kingdom who have to support the retired family members (Geddes 1997). The culture of idleness and dependency has passed in families from one generation to another. It is due to the fact that people among certain relatives or in neighbourhood believe that their social and geographical position faces the exclusion. Social culture develops a perception that people do not seek any investment and employment opportunities. They believe that such possibilities have disappeared from their achieving (Geddes 1997). The culture of poverty leads to weak investment characteristics and a weak market for labour. There people find it difficult to cope with their current lifestyle. Their attitude shifts from focusing on education and work to find some ways to escape the social deprivation. The welfare system in the UK ensures that those having enough resources to maintain their livelihood depend on the government as well as other non-governmental welfare programs, i.e. the donors for their sustenance. The benefits arising from the value of work have become fewer because people experiencing poor conditions do not have any reason to work. They believe that the system can accommodate them in their current situation (Grimshaw 2008). The specific research on people’s perception of poverty shows that the social infrastructure has created such a culture. As a result, low income earners do not attempt to improve their socioeconomic position. Government incentives play a significant role in ensuring tha t they get all their basic needs with the elimination of personal motivation to come out of poverty (Grimshaw 2008). The look at the family structure in the United Kingdom brings a better understanding of family roles in relation to poverty. A breakdown of the family structural characteristics will bring an overall understanding of poverty issues in the UK. In the research, it is important to understand the properties which influence poverty with a focus on family structures. The welfare benefits for families in the country also influence the individual choice for the kind of lifestyle that one pursues. The family structure is a main cause of poverty with the future generation in the certain family making choices according to the influence from their lineage. The studies from the ESRC show that this structure in the UK influences the choices that children make. These children decide depending on their social and economic positions. In the country, about 8 percent of kids end up in cohabitation or as single parents. They lack the faith in a family institution because of their childhood experience (G eorge 2010). They believe that the family is an unstable institution. They have a fear to engage in lasting relationships and create strong family commitments. It is a main cause why they end up in unstable single parenting situations and cohabitation (George 2010). There is a high correlation between the family structure and poverty. The choices that children make affect their future socioeconomic status. There are also significant effects on their poverty levels. In the country, 46 percent of kids living in single parent families exist in poverty. It is very unfortunate that no secondary source gives the marital status of people experiencing poor living conditions with their family history. However, the ESRC surveys show that about 78 percent of children existing in poverty come from the families with a single parent. 20 percent of kids below three years living in relatively poor conditions are from stable families. About half of others are living in unstable family conditions with the uncertainty about their relatives and parents (Kendall 2003). These children end up at foster homes, orphanages, streets. Some of them are living with other family members such as grandparents (Kendall 2003). Using the comparative evidence from the US and other countries in Europe, researchers have found out that cohabitation in the UK for women is higher than in the US, Germany, and Canada. Single mothers have more disadvantages than their married counterparts with unstable social relationships. Therefore, poverty in the country increases with the culture that every family develops. Studies also show that people experiencing poor conditions in the United Kingdom say that their families are a main cause of their current situation. It is because the family has created the culture of poverty for their generation to follow. This behaviour does not encourage aggressiveness and does not fund the education for their children. It creates a social perspective whereby poverty continues from one generation to the next one (Kumar 1993). Alcohol and other drugs, which include heroin and cocaine, is a true contributor to poverty levels within the United Kingdom. Drug addiction reported from the poverty site has been on its rise and can relay a real connection with the poor conditions’ level. It is related especially to the group of those involved in practice. These drugs are all highly addictive. Something that allows space for an argument, their usage opens one up to the title expensive habits. These behaviours are expensive. Anyone who uses them will have to find some ways to finance his or her habits (Machin McNally 2006). Their effects are, on the other hand, somewhat truly friendly to poverty. They affect the rate of productivity amongst the addicts. It goes down. Low productivity and staggering esteem will affect negatively the gross domestic product of people. There are also the effects of stress and likelihood of suicide and an increased need for medication (Machin McNally 2006). First of all, any investment being directed at medication is hefty. The chances of it to be termed as an investment depend on the people’s willingness to quit the habits and engage themselves in the hard work. If that is not forth coming, it leads to a hefty individual and the government expenditure. It will increase the chances of a poverty increase for individuals and the government (Pettitt 1998). Secondly, drug addicts could lose their lives through a suicide or an over consumption of substances. When parents, for instance, die, the risk for their children to have the poor living conditions is being very high. Chances of concentration in a class will at high levels be affected negatively. The problem looked under a subtitle of the lack of education may arise. The risk of exposure to HIV and AIDS is a real blow to any government (Pettitt 1998). The line between education and poverty exists. The relationship is inversely proportional in the sense that the more one is educated, the higher chances are for him or her to tackle poverty. In the United Kingdom, for example, children born in 1970 had fewer chances of escaping poverty than those born in 1958. It is according to the interim findings of the research being carried out by trust. It is so following an increase in the population over years and not similarly matching an increase at schools (Philo 1995). In his campaign, the statement before he had got into the office, David Cameron had this observation. He mentioned the strategies to employ to see that the problem herein expressed was tackled with the urgency it warrants. Combining these few factors discussed above, you will notice that a really big number of citizens within the national boundaries of the United Kingdom are, therefore, finding their way into a poverty bracket. I may call it so for the lack of a better word (Philo 1995). It followed by the lack of enough opportunity for the population within this bracket. It has led to people not exploiting their full potential of something that has, in turn, bred a huge degree of frustration. Of course, this does not stand to prove as a main reason why there are more than three and a half million kids living in poverty in the country. However, it only goes to show that the lack of the good education should be the real answer to the problem. It will add up to benefit the population we are discussing. If that is achieved to the level of having everybody realize the talents and work towards the fulfilment of their potential, the results would be rather beneficial to people and the government, at large (Platt 2007). Individual agency is also a major cause of poverty in the United Kingdom. It is because the person’s behaviour and perceptions will influence life choices with effects on their socioeconomic positions. Individual agency refers to the cognitive and behavioural characteristics of a person. Every human responds differently to various life situations affecting their choices. Unemployed people, the disabled, the retirees, and other beneficiaries of social benefits programs behave in such a way that they have accepted their fate (Andress 2008). They only depend on the programs for the daily sustenance. They do not engage in other ways to improve their social and economic status. These attitudes create a culture whereby people focus on their current dependence programs without having a necessary motivation to come out from their poor living conditions. It leads to a belief that the rich ones control all the resources at the expense of the poor people. The welfare programs in the coun try have not achieved their objectives. It is to assist the economically deprived ones (Blokland-Potters Savage 2008). They have rather created a notion that some families and generations are entirely disconnected in the cultural perspectives of the society. It damages the people’s independence to work for their livelihood and hurts their motivation, ambition, and likelihood of attempting to go out from poverty. It traps a certain part of the society into poor living conditions. Individual agency traps people into poverty with a lack of proper individual choices to influence a rise in the social status (Blokland-Potters Savage 2008). Structural Causes The distortion in the political and economic levels as well as some shifts is also the major causes of poverty in the country. The political system influences all the activities in the community by affecting the economic growth as well as reduction of social deprivation. There are many areas of concern as far as poverty in the UK is concerned. The view at the economic decline locally has led to an increase in poverty levels. The country has suffered a decrease in its economic structure especially with the financial crisis of 2008. The banking system in the United Kingdom was on a verge of collapsing (Singh 1980). Economic planners as well as legislators in the country have had great challenges in attempting to come up with the most effective policies of that time. With every citizen locally facing hard times, employment and other important economic activities have failed in bringing the country to success. With a boom, the economic situation becomes friendly for employers and the gen eral population. It creates better employment opportunities for all with government policies to support a development process. Economic distractions refer to some changes in the economic structure which influence a further change in the national income (Raffer 2010). The ability of the population to pay for goods and services has significant effects on the economic structure. The economic growth locally does not always lead to improvements in the market for goods and services at the local levels. It is because the economic growth does not directly affect everybody in the UK (Raffer 2010). The look at the Gross Domestic Product, for example, does not show the achievements of the United Kingdom in terms of the human welfare. It is because the GDP does not deal with welfare services such as education, healthcare, and employment. It can increase at the expense of the certain part in the population. Certain people can benefit because of the others. The exploitation of labour and inequality in wealth distribution affects the country’s structure concerning poverty. Consequently, the rich will become richer, and the poor will be poorer. The efforts to enable the regeneration of neighbourhoods which experience poverty have been increasing. The relationship between trade and work dictates an ability of people to change one social position to the other one. Business perspectives in the country have played a meagre role in improving human lives (Salvadori 2006). The structural understanding of the UK with the policies to empower business to play a key role in the social im provement has not been successful locally. It is because there are different schools of thought as far as the factors are concerned. Appropriate economic and political structures in a developed country should ensure that there is the segregation between local businesses and societies. It will encourage the investment in such areas as housing, local facilities, education, and skills’ improvement. Savings and investments are important economic activities which depend on the political and economic structure inside the UK (Seymour 2000). It is with the efforts to address the regeneration of social perspectives. They reduce the further segregation of deprived communities from the country’s mainstream way of life. The economic and political system should ensure that the supply of labour and remuneration assists those people experiencing poverty. The political structure has ignored the representation at the grass root level (Seymour 2000). live CHAT The United Kingdom together with Ireland is ranked as some of the best performing countries to have the successfully reduced poverty. The real stretch towards the achievements started about fifteen years ago with the leadership of Tony Blair, the English Prime Minister. His government enacted statutes that would see that the fight against poverty would not only exist on paper. It would extend to the levels of implementation. This way, all sectors of the government and the community are working together to achieve success. Amongst the policies are the Welfare Reform Act 2007 and the Equality Children Act 2006. The government closely monitors all the implementation processes and goes ahead to publish an annual report. It illuminates the government’s progress and measures. It has seen the government pulling some really huge strides that include a decrease of poverty for some target groups like children and elder people (Wolff 2004). It has also seen more citizens with working an ability to join the labour market. It could increase the per capita income and have a real improvement in the support and promotion of financial securities to families. The taxation system has also been forced to accommodate to some changes, which include the establishment of a national minimum wage, a tax credit for low income earners, and tax credits to provide a financial support to parents. In 2003-2004, fewer children were living in poverty conditions as compared to the years 1996-1997. The data have been derived from the report on poverty reduction strategies in the United Kingdom of the year 2006. According to it, the threshold of 25 % of poverty reduction amongst children had not been met. However, the statistics of 23% was to give the government a true reason to smile. Over the last eleven years, the United Kingdom has experienced a huge growth in its GDP and employment. It is being the most likely attribution of the statistics observed (Salvadori 2006). FFFThe Role of Government and Its Policies The country’s political system has some members of Parliament that belong to the central government. The local governments are not strong since they only deal with the provision of services and management of property at local levels. The country has not used the devolution of power, as there is the United States. It implies that people’s representation at the local level is poor. It creates a gap between the government and citizens. The former one does not organize any investment and savings programs locally because the banking system is a private sector. It has left this sphere to private investors with an action discouraging the culture of saving. The government has a major role to play as far as the poverty reduction in the country is concerned. Legislators have attempted to formulate several policies to influence the poor conditions’ decrease (Gregg MacMillan 2012). There are several Acts of Parliament that attempt to reduce poverty levels in the country. Ho wever, the government has a long way to go as far as fighting poor conditions is concerned. The first important policy involves the creation of a local representation and advice programs to create the culture of poverty alleviation. The structural interventions include setting up an economic structure. It could support microfinance programs with different ways to empower the low income earners such as the availability of loans. Policies should also influence the social infrastructure with some benefits programs. The latter ones do not encourage idleness and dependency. The government should set these programs to support people by improving their skills and giving them an opportunity to invest. Giving people money to afford their daily needs does not assist in the poverty alleviation. Thus, the state body should formulate some policies which ensure that people experiencing poverty benefit in a long rung. The means should also promote a social cohesion especially among the youth. It w ill be important for the future social development (Kendall 2003). The view on the social and structural causes of poverty suggests that there should be the policies, which can enable the poverty reduction. The government provides family, tax, and childcare benefits as well as some work incentives among other social welfare programs. These ones have played a key role in ensuring that people experiencing poverty can afford housing, food, clothing, education, healthcare, and other essential services. However, fighting this issue of poor living conditions does not stop there. It is a long term activity which requires the collaboration between the government as well as the society. By the 1990s, it was evident that the government had ignored poverty alleviation with its rates doubling during 30 years. The statistics also show that a change in political leaders and a formulation of policies also affect a poverty alleviation process. The economic structure in the United Kingdom should be in such a way that it encourages savings, investments, and the emplo yment locally. It is to enable people who come from poor conditions from going back to the levels. The social structure should be in such a way that it encourages a social development with the provision of affordable services. It will eliminate both the social as well as structural causes and poverty, thus, ending this problem in the country.

What Makes a Good Book Cover The Secret to a Converting Book Cover

What Makes a Good Book Cover The Secret to a Converting Book Cover What Makes a Good Book Cover: How to Increase Book Sales With Your Book Cover Do you know what makes a good book cover?You shouldif you ever want to maintain consistent sales of your book.Ok, so here’s the deal. What I am just about to tell you might sound controversial. It might even sound downright ridiculous.You could even get offended.But bear with me for a while. Just hear me outbecause what I really want for you is to sell more books, and your book cover is one of the most important factors playing into that reality, even though weve all been told not to judge a book by its cover.The reality of publishing isEveryone does anyways.Heres what makes for a good book cover:Focusing on the big pictureStrong compositionAn intriguing focal pointClear title and subtitlesSimplistic book cover designNOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereWhat does a good book cover matter?The book cover exists to serve one and only ONE purpose. And that purpose is to sell your book. Everything else is details.Shocked? Offended? About to pick that nearby glass of water and smash it on my head? Just hold it for a few minutes.I understand how we creatives hate the four-letter words starting with an S. Sell? Sale? Sold!? But it’s true. If you haven’t read Robert Kiyosaki’s Rich Dad Poor Dad yet, I urge you to get a copy and read.Robert Kiyosaki was once being interviewed by this bright young journalist. She had a real flair for writing. She asked Robert if he had any advice for her. And guess what Robert told her. â€Å"Go take a sales course†, he said.The young lady was shocked. She sat there silently for a few minutes, staring at Robert Kiyosaki in disbelief. And then she spoke. She told him she had spent all her life writing and studying. She held master’s degrees in literature and journalism.And she had worked so hard all her life, so that she won’t have to â€Å"stoop so lowâ₠¬  as learning to sell! Robert explained how she was a far superior writer than Robert could ever hope to be, but Robert was still a best-selling author, while she wasn’t. She could write the best book ever written by a human being, but it wouldn’t matter if nobody read it.And that is why you need to â€Å"SELL†.Makes sense? I hope it does because as I mentioned above, your books cover is one of the most important pieces of becoming a successful author.What makes for a good book cover?I have been on that side of the fence where creatives hate the concept of selling or marketing. And I have been on that side for the longest time. But the sooner you get yourself comfortable with these words and concepts, the better.And the best way to start is by understanding that investing in a good book cover design, and knowing what makes a good one.And why should you even listen to me? Well, I have a bachelor’s degree in marketing. And trust me, I learned nothing at s chool. After my bachelors, I spent nearly ten years convincing myself and the world that I am an artist. And you know the funniest part? All of my creative buddies and peers were in the same situation. And that is when I decided I needed to learn what I had shunned for the longest time. I needed to learn to sell. We founded Dastaan Online. And the first business that needed our help was our own. We started publishing a literary magazine called Dastaan World.Writers, artists, photographers, even those who write poetry along with readers flocked to us. I decided to design covers for every story we published. And our contributors loved them!My covers might well be beautiful, and thought-provoking and sublime and what not. But that is all secondary. They keep coming to me, because my covers help them sell their books.Every other quality of a good book cover can be indented as a subcategory or explanation of this one point.The book cover is there to promote your book, and ultimately sell it. Now, the next big question is, what makes for a good book cover that achieves this goal?#1 Focus On the Big PictureThe book cover needs to draw the viewer into the story. Even if you are writing non-fiction. You are a writer, so you know there is always a story.The cover needs to show what the book is about, without giving all of it away, much like the book title but with visuals.This example from Self-Publishing Schools coach Marcy Pusey shows just how this technique works in her book, Weirdo and Willy.The idea is to get your reader to open the book. Once they open the book, your magic as a writer will not let them put it down before reading it to the end.But to catch in your spiderweb of literary magic, you need to use a bait. And that is what your cover needs to do for you. It needs to play on the human emotions of intrigue and curiosity.So think about the big picture of what your book cover should represent.Ask yourself these questions when figuring out your book cover:Doe s your idea represent your story or message?Does it illicit intrigue?Does it stand out from other books in your category?#2 Create a Strong CompositionThis is where is start to get into the wizardry that is graphic design and illustration.Composition is one of the most fundamental skills required of anyone working with visuals. And as with all fundamentals, the composition takes a lifetime to master, at least!This is why its advised to hire a book cover designer instead of creating the cover yourself in programs like Canva or Photoshop.But if you have some experience and want to go for it, here are some guidelines on composition:Use the rule of thirdsSymmetry is your friendUse texture and patterns to add non-distracting detailsUse high and low anglesCombine several composition tips into one for full-effect (but not ALL of them)But you can start off with a few interesting guidelines or you can simply hire a book editor whos experienced in the field of composition.#3 Develop a Clear Focal PointEvery composition, every piece of deliberately designed visual communication, needs a focal point. The easiest way to find your focal point is to ask yourself (or, preferably, a friend) where your eye goes first on this piece.Whether it’s the title, your author byline, a figure in the artwork, some specific abstract shape, your focal point is what grabs your attention and catches your eye the first.And it’s not accidental. In this example by Self-Publishing Schools Omer Redden, you can see that the focal point of his book Life Doc is very clearly and intentionally the eye-catching title.There’s a whole science behind this elusive art called composition. It is this magic skill that dictates where a viewer is going to look, and in what order.You can have multiple focal points, but they should not compete with each other. They grab your viewer’s attention in the order you have designed them. Primary, secondary, tertiary and so on.This dance of at tention depends on what story you want to plant in their head. This story will make them open your book and eventually decide to buy it.#4 Title, Subtitle and Their RelativesPlease don’t make the mistake of thinking your cover is completely at your designer’s mercy. No. You are the writer. And you play the key role in determining how well your cover is gonna perform.How? The book title! When trying to come up with a book title idea, ask yourself this: Will it pull your reader from across the store? Or the webpage? It should be compelling. It should be visible and readable.AND it should be strengthened further by any additional visual elements on your cover.  Self-Publishing School coach Scott Allans book Undefeated is a great example of this. Here you can see his title plays an integral role in the cover design as a whole, with a very telling message with the torn reveal of un in undefeatedYour title, and any subtitles and taglines are going to play a pivotal role i n selling your book. So get your inner Don Draper out when crafting your cover copy!#5 Simplistic Book Cover DesignAnd finally, I like to keep my covers simple. And I personally tend to like covers that are simple and minimalistic.Although, my covers may sometimes look complex because of all the digitally painted and photo-manipulated detail, the ideas and composition must remain simple. It all goes in favor of the focal point and our intention to just say enough that will compel our viewer to buy the book.Overly complex covers usually give a very blatant impression of desperation, where the designer didn’t exactly know what to put in. And hence, they put everything they could think of in there. Not cool. Don’t do this. Keep it simple!So when you decide to finally lock down your book cover, remember to keep it simple stupid. Keep the big picture of your story in mind.Make your viewers focus on the key selling points of your book. If you feel stumped about your book co ver design, you can always reach out to a professional for help. If youre a student of Self-Publishing School, youll even be provided a list of cover designers whose work already checks the boxes of this list.You can see a little preview of this below:Just keep these guidelines in mind, whether you are designing the cover yourself, or paying someone to do it for you.Ready to get serious about selling your book?If youre ready to actually have success with your book (instead of hitting publish and hearing crickets from no book sales), we have the tried-and-true methods to help you get there.

Medical oncologists job satisfaction in light of Medicare Dissertation

Medical oncologists job satisfaction in light of Medicare reimbursement cuts, new legislation such as the Sunshine Act and burno - Dissertation Example The levels of job satisfaction have a strong influence in the efficient performance of job related functions. In the case of the physicians and nursing professionals the lower the levels of job satisfaction, the less efficiency in the delivery o patient care, and lower the patient satisfaction in the care received (Burke, 2004). It is for this reason that more than four decades earlier a key factor in health care delivery was the emphasis in attempts to increase the job satisfaction levels among physicians and nursing professionals, with a lot of concentration on financial rewards and improved working conditions. Evidence from studies subsequently has shown that these efforts have not produced the desired results. Over the past decade physician job level satisfaction has declined significantly, and is gauged by the lack of willingness to repeat their studies in medicine, were the option available to them (Burke, 2004). A key dimension that has emerged in the delivery of healthcare cu rrently is the requirement for lowering the costs in the delivery of care, but at the same time maintaining higher levels of quality in the delivery care. In addition there are changes that have occurred in the market place involving increase in competition and legislative financial pressures that are consistent with the requirement for lowering costs and increasing quality in the delivery of healthcare. ... tant exposure to the suffering of their patients, loss of patients, and the grief of the survivors, and are expected to provide relief in all these circumstances. In other words the normal practice of medical oncologists is stressful (Cherny & Catane, 2004). In addition to work pressures, medical oncologists face added financial stress coming from legislative action that will cause cut in Medicare re-imbursement from 2012 onwards (Walsh, 2011). 2. Aim of the Study The aim of the study is to evaluate job satisfaction among medical oncologists in the face of the increased challenges that they face in their practice of health care. 3. Objectives of the Study This study has three objectives, which are: 1. Evaluate the impact of Medicare reimbursement cuts on job satisfaction among medical oncologists. 2. Evaluate the impact of the Sunshine Act on job satisfaction among medical oncologists. 3. Analyse the impact of burnout due to work and family conflict on job satisfaction among medical oncologists. 4. Significance of the Study The elderly population in the United States of America (USA) is growing, which will place increased demands on providing care for their health needs. The incidence of cancer is known to rise with age. In addition, derived from the benefits advances in medical science there is and increase in the survivorship of cancer patients. Hence there will be increasing demand for medical oncologists to meet the health care needs of the general population, as well as the growing elderly segment. In a recent study conducted by the American Society of Clinical Oncology there is already a shortage of medical oncologists that will only worsen over the next decade. The study forecasts that in 2020 12,547 oncologists will be added to the strength of practicing

Evidence-Based Practices in Oncology Nursing Research Paper

Evidence-Based Practices in Oncology Nursing - Research Paper Example Evidence-based practice is a multi-step, dynamic process that incorporates best external data and best clinical judgment that is according to patient response to nursing interventions. Â  Even one individual nurse may complete this process however a multidisciplinary team approach allows for even bigger perspectives on a clinical problem. With the new ways of health care practice brought about by evidenced-based practice nurses are given the chance to provide the best possible nursing care that can provide desirable outcome based on evidence altogether with the way which Nursing Care Delivery Model is suited for the situation. Â  Nursing care delivery models are mechanisms for organizing and delivering patient care. Â  Nursing care delivery models focus on structure, process and/or outcomes. Â  Along the evolution of nursing and the sprout of nurse educators and scholars, many nursing care delivery models have also been developed that eventually evolved to different types and kin ds from various developments and modifications of use. Â  Some have been developed using task approaches where patient care tasks are listed and categorized under the level of care required providing the task. More recent models have arisen out of a psychological approach, focusing on patient satisfaction with nursing care and job satisfaction among nurses. Â  Some of the most obvious reasons for such variations are cost of nursing care delivery, availability of personnel, patient care needs and individual preference.and organizational preference. Nevertheless regardless of what nursing care delivery model is utilized by nurses, the purpose of any delivery system is to provide high quality care, efficiently and effectively as possible (Neisner & Raymond, 2002, p. 7). Nursing Care Models and the development of Evidence-Based Practice The author of this essay deemed three Nursing Care Delivery Models that would best support evidenced-based practice in oncology nursing-- Patient-Centered Care, Team Nursing and Nursing Case Management. Models of care are important because it is how evidenced-based patient care is delivered to the patient. Evidenced-based practices will be null and void if nursing care delivery is poor in the first place it will not be properly delivered or worst not delivered at all. Patient-Centered Care (Table 1) is a model first utilized during the hospital reengineering era of the 90’s. This method uses multi-skilled workers and a team approach to nursing. By virtue of this method, patients are being grouped together according to similarity of cases. The four principle of this method are: simplifying outcomes, grouping similar patient population together, bringing services closer to patients

A Study On Internet Banking In Nepal

A Study On Internet Banking In Nepal This research is the effort for study and analyzing the Internet Banking in Nepal Bank Limited. Internet Banking can be defined as the use of technology to communicate instructions to and receive information from a financial institution where an account is held. Internet Banking includes the systems that enable financial institution customers, individuals or businesses, to access accounts, transact business or obtain information on financial products and services through a public or private network, including the Internet. Since the launch of Internet the large planet has become a smaller one. It has rendered enormous impacts on business sectors. Remarkable development in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has introduced a global revolution in banking industry. The global trend in business arena set some challenge that cannot be fulfilled with the help of the traditional banking system. The survey of current banking system in Nepal reveals the fact that it requires rapid modification and adaptation to keep harmony with the world economy business. It becomes more obvious by observing the increased number of customers in some modern bank while others are losing them. The existing banking system in our country is slow and error-prone. In one hand, fails to meet the customers demand and it causes some significant losses both for the banking authority and traders. E-Banking, on the other hand solves the above problems. Furthermore, it opens up some other salient aspects such as increased foreign trade and foreign investment. Most plan allow customers to perform all routine transactions, such as account transfers, balance inquires, bill payments and stop payment requests everything but its very easy to set up an account. We can access our account information anytime day or night and we can do it from anywhere. A few online banks update information in real time, while others do it daily. 1.2 Introduction of Origin and Growth of Bank in Nepal The growth of banking in Nepal is not so long. In comparison with other developing or developed country, the institutional development in banking system of Nepal is far behind. Nepal had to wait for a long time to come to this present banking position. The origin of bank in Nepal and its beginning of growth is controversial. Even though the specific date of the beginning of money and banking deal in Nepal is not obvious, it is speculated that during the reign of the King Manadev, the coin Manank and Gunank during the reign of the King Gunakamadev were in use. After the establishment of Nepal Bank Limited on 30th Karkik, 1994 (1938), modern banking system started in Nepal. Under the Nepal Rastra Bank Act 2012 (1956), Nepal Rastra Bank was established in 2013(1957) Baisakh 14th in Nepal. But this act has been repealed and the Nepal Rastra Bank Act 2058(2002) has been enacted by the parliament. After its establishment, it issued the Nepali notes on 7th Falgon 2016 for the first time. Gradually, bank develop their services in Nepal according to requirement of customers and to compete market so today we can transact via non cash elements : like Internet Banking, Credit Card, ATM Card and SMS banking etc. 1.3 Nepals ICT Background Nations worldwide have recognized development opportunities and challenges of the emerging information age characterized by Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). These technologies are driving national development efforts worldwide and a number of countries in both developing and the developed world are exploring ways of facilitating their development process through development, deployment and the exploitation of ICT within their economies and societies. Nepals journey into the world of information technology began some three decades back with the use of IBM 1401 for the population census, 1971. Royal Nepal Academy for Science and Technology (RONAST), for the first time, used the internet. Mercantile Private Limited started email services for commercial purpose in June 1994. In 1995 government purchased the machine for further data processing in the Bureau of Statistics and established a separate organization called Electronic Data Processing Center (EDPC) and after 6 years it converted to National Computer Center (NCC). Government has formed High Level Commission for Information Technology (HLCIT), which is playing the role of facilitator between private and public sector in the development of ICT in Nepal. 1.4 Introduction of Internet Banking Internet banking refers to systems that enable bank customers to access accounts and general information on bank products and services through a personal computer (PC) or other intelligent device. Internet banking products and services can include wholesale products for corporate customers as well as retail and fiduciary products for consumers. Ultimately, the products and services obtained through Internet banking may mirror products and services offered through other bank delivery channels. Some examples of wholesale products and services include: Cash management. Wire transfer. Automated clearinghouse (ACH) transactions. Bill presentment and payment. Examples of retail and fiduciary products and services include: Balance inquiry. Funds transfer. Downloading transaction information. Bill presentment and payment. Loan applications. Investment activity. Other value-added services. Other Internet banking services may include providing Internet access as an Internet Service Provider (ISP). The OCC has determined that a national bank subsidiary may provide home banking services through an Internet connection to the banks home banking system and, incidental to that service, may also provide Internet access to bank customers using that service. Historically, banks have used information systems technology to process checks (item processing), drive ATM machines (transaction processing), and produce reports (management information systems). In the past, the computer systems that made the information systems operate were rarely noticed by customers. Today, Web sites, electronic mail, and electronic bill presentment and payment systems are an important way for banks to reach their customers. 1.5 Statement of the Problem Establishing Internet Banking infrastructure has been a challenging task for the developing countries like Nepal. In the context of Nepal there are ample of problems in Internet Banking some of them are given below : Computer and Banking Literacy : In aggregate here is low level of IT literacy. Very few people are computer literate in Nepal and very few people understand banking system or banking process even educated people also there. Infrastructure Development : Though banks reach with their services in rural area ISP or NTC services is not available there for internet services and vice versa. Risk Management : In Nepal, Internet Banking is at its infancy right now. However, no Internet Banking frauds have been found yet. Lack of understanding of internet technology may be the reason. But precaution must be taken. In order to mitigate the risks associated with all e-banking businesses, banks should have in place a comprehensive risk management process that assesses risks, control risk exposure and monitors risks. Security : Security of a transaction, authenticity of a deal, identification of a customer etc are important technological and systems issues, which are major sources of concern to e-banking. Customers are afraid from online attack. Various online attacks are also available. 1.6 Objectives of the Study The main objectives of proposed research are to study, analyze and understand the Internet Banking of Nepal Bank Limited. Some of the other objectives are as follows : To identify the problems in existing Internet Banking services of Nepal Are public satisfy or not from Internet banking Services ? If not what will be the effective service delivery mechanism. To identify the prerequisites to get the Internet Banking services The research tell prerequisites to get Internet Banking services (for e.g. Computers, telephones, internet, customer should be account holder of bank) To examine the service delivery of different banks of Nepal The research includes various types of Internet Banking services provided by different banks to general public. 1.7 Scope of the Study The study will be mainly focused on three components of the study area : Social aspects : In social aspect the studied is focus on public participation according to their satisfaction, knowledge, beliefs, values etc. Technical aspects : This aspects is concerned with the technically how to develop system and technology used on projects. Economic aspects : In the economic analysis part, the study will focus on the possible areas of economic development by using this Internet Banking. 1.8 Limitation of the Study This research is the small effort for study and analyzing the Internet Banking services of Nepal which has limited time so it cannot focus on all areas and may not be able to explore many fields. This research work is done within limited time frame during the MBS dissertation. There are so many constraints while doing the work such as inadequate time, load shedding, and resources etc. To understand methodology of Internet Banking service is very difficult because banks only provide surface level of information because of their security concern. In spite of great effort, there are many limitations of this research work. The major limitations are as follows : In the field of E-banking, there are so many arenas like ATM, Tele Banking, Mobile Banking etc. but this research does not focus on all the e-banking services. Research works mainly focus on Internet Banking. Fund transfer is possible within the branch of bank. It means once cannot transfer amount from one bank to another bank. Banks have their own policy but there is no any standard policy for Internet Banking in Nepal. In the field of Internet Banking security is must but this research doe not cover all the aspects of security. General customers and corporate customers of Internet Banking system have same kinds of facilities. 1.9 Organization of the Study This study is organized and decorated in seven chapters. Each chapter and unit will be on a prescribed format of thesis writing to the partial fulfillment of MBS program. Each unit gives the clear picture or roadmap of the study. Chapter One This chapter deals with Introduction of The Study. In this chapter, separated unit for background, significances objective and limitation of the study has mentioned. Chapter Two This chapter focused Review of Literature. In this chapter, various relevant such as different books, journals, article and previous thesis mention has mentioned. Chapter Three Third chapter presented Research Methodology. In this chapter, research design, sources of the data, method of data collection and analysis has mentioned. Chapter Four This chapter deals with Analysis of Internet Banking. This chapter provides the different analysis like strength, weakness, opportunity, threat (SWOT) analysis and feasibility analysis of Internet banking. Chapter Five Fifth chapter deals with Internet Banking Security. Security in Internet Banking comprises both the computer and communication security. Therefore this chapter consist different security principles, cryptographic key management, RAID etc. Chapter Six This chapter focused on System Analysis and design to present the current Internet Banking system. This chapter provides requirement analysis, process modeling, data dictionary, hardware and software requirement to execute program. Chapter Seven Seventh chapter presented with Summary, Conclusions and Recommendation of the Study. 1.10 Research Design There are two types of research approaches qualitative and quantitative. In the quantitative approach results are based on numbers and statistics that are presented in figures, whereas in the qualitative approach where focus lies on describing an event with the use of words. This study is the result of qualitative research using comparative and analytical methods. The comparative research was conducted in two ways : Firstly, the comparison is carried out by investigating the availability of basic services of Internet Banking in different banks of Nepal. Secondly, the comparison is also carried out by investigating the different features offered by banking institutions in Nepal. For that purpose, reviews of website from banks are conducted. Thus to gain practical knowledge of Internet Banking in the Nepali context, this research is conducted as a qualitative study to explore the perception of Internet Banking among Nepali Banks. Hence, the aim is not to make any simplification but instead establish a closer contact with the objectives of prior research which intend to provide us a deeper understanding of the participants attitudes and perceptions. Finally my intention with this research is to understand Internet Banking first describe and explore, find and analysis detailed information about Internet banking services provided by different banks of Nepal so qualitative approach is the most suitable method for my research. 1.11 Source of Data Both primary as well as secondary data have been collected in order to achieve the real and factual result out of this research. All possible and useful data available have been collected. The major sources of data are as follows : a. Primary Source The primary data are collected from primary sources. The primary sources of data are the opinion survey through questionnaire, field visit and information received from the respondents. Some of the information was also collected from interview with the respondents. b. Secondary Data The secondary data are collected from secondary sources. The secondary sources of data are the information received from books, journals and article concerned with the study for example website of the Nepal Bank Limited, thesis and dissertation submitted at Shanker Dev Campus, Central Library T.U.